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The southern African countries of South Africa, Namibia, Botswana and Angola are the abode of Hoodia gordonii. The San Bushmen who inhabits the Kalahari Desert had through generations transmitted their knowledge of the various uses of Hoodia. Of these uses, its use as an appetite suppressant was known to the outside world for some time. The San people used it to suppress their hunger during hunting expeditions that lasted a few days. The Hoodia extract was subject to scientific investigation by the South African Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) who patented the extract as P57 in 1997. CSIR sold the exclusive right to its use to Phytopharm, a British pharmaceutical company. Phytopharm granted the license to production to Pfizer. But Hoodia became a craze as a weight loss product much later when BBC reported on its use in 2003 and 60 Minutes in the next year.

Hoodia became a favorite weight loss product in the global market. But the fact that this knowledge was owned by San Bushmen was simply not remembered or acknowledged. The media then raked up this issue accusing Phytopharm of biopiracy. Confronted with this, Phytopharm lamely defended itself saying that the San people no longer existed when tens of thousands of them actually inhabited the southern African countries covering the Kalahari Desert. CSIR then admitted in 2003 that the San people were the source of this knowledge and that a portion of the royalty would indeed be shared with them. It is estimated that 0.003 percent of the retail sales were to be their share. This was a pittance though the point was well taken. Meanwhile, Pfizer returned Phytopharm the production rights who later transferred the rights to Unilever. Unilever were into production of diet foods such as Slim Fast. The company announced its intention to produce functional foods with Hoodia as the main ingredient.

Meanwhile Hoodia began to be marketed widely by a number of companies who claimed that their product contained Hoodia. These are available in a variety of forms as liquid, shakes, powder, capsules and pills such as Dex-L10 Hoodia, Hoodia Pure, Hoodia Extract, HoodiThin Liquid, Tru Hoodia Diet, H57 Hoodia, Hoodia SlimQuick, Hoodia Gordonii Shake Mix, Hoodia Shake, Hoodia Supreme, Hoodoba, and Desert Burn. Hoodia, in most cases, are combined with a few other useful items. Some Hoodia products are marketed for specific sections of consumers for instance Slimquick Hoodia diet which combines calcium, Vitamin D3 and Green Tea for women.

In the meanwhile Phytopharm acquired two more patents for the treatment of gastric disorders. More patent applications have been subsequently filed. There are other potential uses of the Hoodia such as sexual dysfunction, and the operation of glands such as the sweat, saliva and prostrate glands.

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According to their traditions, the individuals in the traditional communities do not and cannot own the natural resources and the knowledge associated with the biodiversity. The natural resource and the knowledge are the common property. This is held by the community collectively for the welfare of all. There are certain individuals or families who hold specialized knowledge. This is passed on to their progeny to transmit the knowledge to subsequent generation. This knowledge too is held in trust for the benefit of the community. The knowledge is not to be privatized and commercialized.

The issue of making this knowledge into intellectual property so that these can be traded as a commodity has come in for intense debate in recent times. What has come to emerge is that when such knowledge and related biodiversity is commercialized, the prior informed consent of the holders of the knowledge and related resources are to be obtained. The community should also receive a share in the profits from such commercialization. Governments are yet to incorporate these requirements in their respective national laws. However, these have now come to be recognized internationally as desirable principles.

Acquiring the biological material such as plants, microorganisms and animals or the traditional knowledge on these biological materials without the prior informed consent of those whose traditional knowledge or biodiversity are taken is called biopiracy. Hoodia earned the reputation as an appetite suppressant after this knowledge was discovered with the indigenous San people. The Hoodia extract has been the basis for a number of products in the weight loss market. After the media raised the issue of biopiracy, a share in the royalties is now offered to the San people. There are isolated examples of recognition of similar claims as Arogyapacha in India.

The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) is the international instrument that enunciated prior informed consent, and access and benefit sharing as the principles to guide such commercial exploitation of traditional knowledge. CBD became an international instrument of law in 1993. CBD provided for the right of countries to its genetic resource and knowledge to regulate and control them. The bioprospectors who intend to access these resources and knowledge are to obtain prior informed consent. These accesses are to be controlled and regulated by the respective national governments. All the countries have ratified CBD except for Andorra, Brunei, Somalia, Iraq, and United States.

Obesity can be treated in a lot of ways. However, natural treatments such as the Hoodia Extracts can treat obesity safely and effectively.

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Love Weight Loss

The consumption of processed food and the increasing dependence on processed food has changed lifestyles. It has also contributed significantly to obesity. The food industry is powerful enough to determine what food is produced, how it is produced and processed. The industry also influences what are consumed and how it is consumed. It influences the whole agricultural sector including government policies. Concerns for health are hardly a priority in this profit driven industry. There is more profit in selling processed food than fresh food. The shelf-life of processed food is also more. The consumer has to choose between short shelf-life costlier nutritionally richer fresh food and the longer shelf-life cheaper nutritionally poorer processed food. Processed food is also easier to purchase, store, and prepare. It also makes life easy for the harried and rushed for time urbanite.

The food industry influences what the consumer likes and buys. The consumer really has not much of a choice except to choose from what the industry provides. This is invariably the situation in most cities and towns. The main focus of food processing is how to make sure that the food has a longer shelf life. This is carried out through the use of various technologies as cooling, drying, pasteurization, separation of various components, autoclaving and salting. Cooling is the most often used method to keep the food fresh. The fresh food is processed, packed and made available through your neighborhood store. Food processing no doubt also keeps the bacteria away making it safer from infection. But there are other problems with processing.

Nutrition is provided by the food we take. Nutrition reduces when food is processed. This is why processed food is enriched with additional minerals and vitamins. When food is processed, there is also the danger of it having harmful acids and fats. Consumption of beverage too has increased. These are rich in sugar and carbohydrate. Fast food along with beverages provides the right recipe for accumulation of fat. No wonder the market for weight loss products and programs is flourishing. There are a number of books and guides in the market which informs you about the problems of obesity and how to manage them such as HCG weight loss, Low GI Diet and Lose Your Belly Fat.

To begin with you may choose a weight loss program that suits you. Seeking professional advice could be a good idea before you make the choice. Along with this, better nutrition and modification in your lifestyle could go a long way in maintaining better health.

There are a lot of weight loss guides and programs available in the market. But the most important of all, is your determination.

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How To Lose Weight Quickly – Know more about the many ways on how you can lose weight quickly

How To Lose Weight – Learn more how to lose weight the right way and more effective plans and programs

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The problem of overweight has emerged as a major health problem in the United States. Over half the above 20 population in the US is estimated to be overweight. The annual expenditure on weight loss programs is projected to cross $30 billion. At the same time, a sixth of the population of the world was facing chronic starvation and hunger. There are a number of weight loss program being promoted and tried out. They include physical exercises, shakes, dieting, specialized diet, drinks, pills, capsules, weight loss diet and surgeries.

But there has been a constant search for a more effortless way to lose weight. A natural product to suppress appetite has been always been on the look out by the overweight people. The story of Hoodia gordonii emerging from Africa created a lot of excitement for those who were looking out for an appetite suppressant.

The traditional African lives are rich in culture. Traditional remedies are an integral part of their lives often combined with religious rituals. As many as 156 medicinal plants are reported to be used to manage gynecological problems alone. Most often this traditional knowledge are documented and used by corporations and commercialized without permission from the holders of the knowledge. This is referred to as biopiracy. This has come to be condemned in recent times as unethical. South African Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) investigated and obtained patent for the use of Hoodia gordonii as an appetite suppressant. CSIR then sold the rights to a British company. When the issue of biopiracy regarding Hoodia was raked up, CSIR acknowledged the San people as the source of this knowledge and declared a small share in the profits. A number of Hoodia products are now sold in the market. Hoodia is combined with a few other useful ingredients. Reviews of many of these products are available in the Internet. For instance the Dex L10 Hoodia Gordonii reviews will tell you what people think about this product.

The indigenous peoples inhabit a habitat for generations and centuries interacting intensely with nature. They depend on nature for their livelihood as well for survival that they revere nature as the provider of life. From these interactions and observations, they learn about the characteristics of various species and possible uses. These are then verified through repeated experimentation or from repeated similar experiences. This knowledge is then transmitted onward to the next generation. The knowledge covers all aspects of life and living including crops, food, human and animal health and even beauty care.

Obesity is such a dilemma. It’s not only about looking wow but its all about the obese person who’s health is always at risk.

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Changing eating habits, and increased physical activities or physical exercises are the most common approach to weight loss. There are food supplements, diet programs, herbs and medicines to burn away the excess fat, to suppress appetite and to reduce fat absorption. Commonly four types of exercises are adopted to combat overweight and obesity. They are flexibility exercises, aerobic exercises, anaerobic exercises and strength training exercises.

The movement of the body and muscles, and the motions of the joints are found to improve after doing flexibility exercises as stretching. You can get the help of a partner or you can use equipments to carry out stretching. The muscles get toned up and blood circulation improves with aerobic exercises such as running, rowing, playing games, cycling, walking and swimming. The intake of oxygen intake improves with aerobic exercise. The metabolism which produces energy too is improved with the intense exercise. Following a 20 minute aerobic exercises, cooling down with rest is necessary for recovery. Muscles are built up and strengthened with anaerobic exercises like sprinting, functional training and weight training. Excess fat is burnt away and muscles toned up with the strength training exercises. Body movements in strength training exercises include sit-ups, pull-ups and push-ups. Usually those who prefer this type of exercise want to avoid using strength training equipments but yet to remain physically fit. Body weight exercise too can be carried out as it depends on one’s own body weight and do not depend upon any free weights.

Obesity and overweight has been increasing. Studies and researches are conducted to find out its causes and the means to effectively overcome them. The transformation weight loss program has an area contested and debated extensively. Weight loss has become a specialized field.

Physical fitness programs combine a variety of exercises. These include Cardiovascular Fitness, Strength Training, Flexibility Training, Body Composition, Muscular Endurance and General Skill Training. Various sports too have physical training as part of their coaching. These build up muscles. They also reduce weight. These sports include power lifting, strongman, bodybuilding and weightlifting. One can choose from the wide range of workouts that are available. They range from meditation to wresting and swimming to gymnastics.

Insecurities and health problems arise when you are obese. You don’t want that to rule over your life, so you better involve yourself in various physical fitness programs such as the transformational weight loss programs.

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